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Alan,surveyed,the,search,area(一)
Research and Analysis of the Adaptive Design of College Students’ Living Space
【Alan,surveyed,the,search,area】 Abstract. China's the university living space environment is lagging behind student apartments as the place of residence of college life， which is the college students’ second class. The student apartment’s adaptability at the starting point should be the actual needs of the college students to grasp the needs of college students on the whole， improve adaptability requirements of the space environment of the university student apartments. Business management mode can both improve the quality of the living quarters， and give the students more choices. Therefore， the original single dormitory structure is broken， gallery type， short corridor， inside and outside the Gallery a combination of style， hotel type， unit type， family， and other comprehensive spatial patterns in modern student apartments. Design more the reasonable college students’ apartment space environment is one of the problems of contemporary college student apartments need immediate attention. Key words： Student Apartment， Space Design， Adaptability
1 Introduction
University life is a collective life of its students to play an important role in all aspects； ability to get along between the students can play culture， independence and ability to adapt to the surrounding environment. In the student apartment adaptive design， both for student’s personal comfort physiological living space but also to meet the needs of the AC， so the creation of multi-functional three-dimensional， deep-level student interaction space became an issue faced by the University of the Apartment.
2 Lack of Adaptability of Modern Student Apartments Design Space
Adaptability means to adapt to the phenomenon of organisms and environmental performance， which is a biogenetics noun. The adaptability of the living space is able to meet the diverse and changing needs of the living human living environment. Adaptive design of living space is the potential use of indoor living space and structure， and self-adjusts the content of the space， the indoor living space and functionality to adapt to the user， in order to adapt to the changes of the outside world.
Before the market economy， our University all costs borne by the state， student dormitories enter university attached single layout， crowded accommodation and living quality is poor， became a phenomenon of the student dormitories. Today， the University of logistical into the transformation of society， into the apartment mode of social and commercialization of national steering social management， prompting attached to the university student dormitories. Commercialization of action， both to improve the quality of the living quarters and gave students more choice； designers have more creativity and play. Thus， the single dormitory structure within Gallery-Tongzilou of subversion， various space modes， just like the flourishing Gallery Type in the dormitory building， within the corridor type， inside and outside the Gallery combined family unit， high-level synthesis spatial patterns. 3 Unsuitability of the Needs and the Needs of the
Living Space
University student apartments for student services， the purpose is to meet the needs of the students and the establishment of the establishment of the living space is closely related to the living needs of the students， it is the most direct and the most fundamental reason is caused by changes in student apartments feature space. Therefore， the student apartment space adaptive design first investigations of the needs of the user's residence. American psychologist Maslow： different human needs， there are similarities and regularity， in accordance with certain laws into hierarchical state distribution （Figure 1）.
Fig.1. Maslow's hierarchy of needs
3.1 Physiological Requirements
College students' apartment design， in order to meet the basic needs of the students living security is the basis of survival， including sleep， health， diet， and other basic needs space， including good lighting and ventilation， a reasonable duration of sunshine， convenient transportation channel space for drying clothes and appropriate storage space， these are an important indicator of the physiological and space requirements. Many remain in the seventies and eighties， the old quarters of our student apartments； the basic needs are increasingly unable to meet the current demand.
3.2 Safety Needs
The safety needs include feelings of insecurity， field sense of privacy. Student apartments， reflected in a bed， desk， indoor channel space， have a strong sense of areas. Many colleges and universities have to pull the curtain phenomenon， students in their own bed， the placement of the curtain， you can feel safe and have their own private space； Secondly， like computer tables are placed on the face of the dormitory door， also a kind of security needs.
3.3 Belonging and Love Needs
The apartment is the place of the student body and minds a rest， not only requires a certain amount of space to conduct， at the same time need to have a certain social space， which are the psychological needs of people. College students need to communicate with others， mutual exchanges of talk， obtain more information， character can be edified， and get others sympathy and love， mutual harmony， for students to build healthy relationships， become a pioneering talent are beneficial.
3.4 Respect for the Needs
College students， in addition to the needs of physiological， safety， and psychological needs， also need mutual respect， and self-esteem is met， ease of mind， more conducive to the personal potential of the play. 3.5 Self-actualization
Self-realization is growing strongly， and adds some kind of belonging to their own symbols， such as the installation of wind chimes on the ceiling bookshelves on the installation of the fish tank， is a self-fulfilling demand in a particular environment.
4 Adaptive Research and Analysis
The State Ministry of Education in 2001 issued a number of opinions "on student residential construction standards， including the realization" "a target （undergraduate， per capita floor area of 8 m and a Master per capita floor area of 12 m 2， a 1 doctor per capita floor area of 24 m 2）， and college students apartment building is more scientific and reasonable， economic， application to improve efficiency and effectiveness. But in reality， the national conditions we must do what， China is a country with a large population， strain on the resources of the land， since the reform and opening up， especially after 1999， the country conforms to the trend of the development of higher education in the world， established by the "elite education" to public education transition "for several years enrollment. Such a rapid growth in the number of students， student dormitory building also reached an unprecedented rapid development. Many schools to adopt another way， is quadruple rooms for 6 people， 2 Room 4 earth in the form of a human into a room for 2 people. Of course， like the developed coastal cities have achieved this provision， and some schools there are undergraduate 2 human premises.
With the deepening of the University of socialization of logistics reform， the original dormitory has transformed many student apartment building， all colleges and universities according to their own situation， because there is no fixed pattern， to sum up according to the type of combination of space， they are：
Verandahs student apartments： public corridor is located on one side of the apartment， verandahs open type， semi-closed and closed （Figure 2）.
Fig.2. Verandahs student apartments
Corridor Student apartments： public corridors in the middle， student housing is arranged adjacent to the public on both sides of the corridor， dormitory rooms arranged. And long within the Gallery with short within the Gallery of paints， promenade， as housing the number and the level of the floors， central or both ends within the Gallery can be set to one or two stairs or elevator； short within the Gallery only has a stairs or elevator （Figure 3）. Fig.3. Gallery student apartments
Unit student apartment： several bedrooms combinations， by the common living room and bathroom combined into a single unit mode. Small number of households， public stairs only one such apartment corridor apartment biggest difference， it can be 2 to 8 provide services， dormitory from the landing into the household doors （Figure 4）.
Fig.4. Unit type
The Taiyuan University is an academic institution has for centuries， is one of the five universities of Shanxi Province， only one of the national "211 Project" key construction university， the national focus of the central region building. Limited dormitory space is necessary to meet the physiological needs of students but also to meet the students' private exchanges demand， which is the space adaptability of the need to take into account one of the main content. After the completion of a dormitory， excluding unforeseen external factors， its damage is quite slow， which requires designers to rethink how sophisticated integration and efficient use of every inch of space， in order to optimize the use of the same area. China’s rapid economic development， promote the concept of people's lives， the content， the way to change dramatically. The construction of school buildings should also be a number of reforms in the space adaptability， dormitory， not only to provide students with the most basic physiological needs， security needs need to pay more attention to students， dependence and love needs， Dear demand and self-actualization needs.
The summer of 2012， college students in the school quarter’s adaptive survey the effective sampling survey of 107 people， including fifty percent of undergraduates， 40 percent graduate survey also ten percent of junior college students. The boys surveyed approximately 40%， about 60% of the girls. The survey found that 70% of people believe that the dormitory space more suitable. 52% of the students in the recreation area demand unsatisfactory space are concentrated in the health space and storage space， 25% and 24%， respectively. Plane size calculation according to the university's student dormitory， room by bilateral arrangement of beds， the width of each side of the furniture lm overall furniture， for example， slightly more than the bed width 0.9 m large）， the minimum aisle width between two or bed and wall 1.20 m plus the thickness of the wall， the bay should not be less than 3.6 m； Similarly， the side of the layout of the beds side of the arrangement of tables and chairs， the bay should not be less than 3 m into the deep and clear height of less than 3 m bay room than too narrow， space poor sense. Bedroom with bathroom， into the deep of not less than 4.8 m； bedroom with bathroom or balcony， depth should not be less than 6 m （dormitory building design specifications in Section 4.2.2， paragraph 3）. Traditional student apartment’s design， with little regard to the student's self-study， communication， entertainment space， the center of gravity lies in the space to rest， layering concept is not conducive to the mutual exchange of students. In this regard， the Yingze Campus No. 1 student apartment building additional specialized learning， leisure space， each floor has two study rooms for our floor， student exchange learning space， reducing the school library and study room pressure. Student apartments from adaptive design in terms of interior space， the lack of the student apartments auxiliary facilities， resulting in better use of the space cannot be one of the reasons； although with a study room， but the utilization rate is not high， one of the reasons is that the table auxiliary equipment on the core facilities and lack of equipment， such as lighting， shelves， socket.
The survey found that 98% of the students in the third combination type are the most recognized， this space combination， but also to solve the problem of space utilization to the greatest degree. But even if there are some shortcomings in this combination， Yingze Campus student apartment building is 6 dorms， dormitory space is relatively small， and has a larger impact on the privacy of students between. The now apartment basic layout of the elevated bed （the desk located under the bed）， the apartment layer of clear height of 3 m， while the standard clear height of 3.40 m， which is caused by the human scale of the student beds unreasonable behavior of life is affected to some degree. Students a more comfortable space， the space of incomplete partition， but the actual use is much lower than the researchers expected to understand this layout for individuals independent of the use of space， the strong sense of the field of space， but the mutual interference The lack of transitional space and public space， and may cause a sense of oppression "（elevated beds and ceiling spacing reduced learning under the bed， his head is bedplate）； and will affect the natural light and fluorescent lighting. Not change the external height of the case， we can only be effective to adjust and change on the degree of privacy and use interference. The survey found that many students will the table change direction， change the direction of the wall to the doors and windows-oriented direction， placed by the table on students personal privacy very demand （Figure 5）； Figure 5 renovation， this space structure， their space is relatively independent， has a semi-private space between students， small interfering with each other， in line with the principle of adaptive living. Fig.5. The student the apartment dormitory transformation （analog）， before and after
5 Conclusion
The student apartment design should be the actual needs of the college students， to fully grasp the needs of college students， improve college students’ apartment living space environment. The beginning of the design of the student apartments， student apartments environment should research design more adapted to the indoor adaptive space environment of the university student apartments. A good grasp of the relationship between architecture and human behavior， to find adapt to the balance point between them， to the adaptive design of the building， in order to better meet the material and spiritual needs of the students. The successful practice of adaptive design will mean people-centered， and care about people's behavior， psychological， physiological， and the spirit of the design will be the mainstream of our future student apartment design.
References
1. The Ministry of Construction of the People's Republic of China. Dormitory building design specifications [JGJ36-2005] Beijing， China Building Industry Press .2006
2. Liu Lili. The adaptive research plan of small apartment living space [D]. Taiyuan University of Technology .2011
3. Yang Hao Hu Lei Taiyuan University of Technology student apartments in the 12th assessment analysis. Taiyuan Shanxi Architectural .2010
4. The attachment Indispensable Road from vegetarian homes quarters - Accommodation Form of Modern Chinese college students of modern university education .2007
5. Near Peach human behavior patterns and interior space design. Jinling Vocational University .2003
6. Sassafras. College dorm space design mode of [B] Guangxi towns .2010
7. Zheng Yin Li Jingyuan. Apartment indoor environment of students' psychological factors [J]. Tangshan Teachers College .2009 01【Alan,surveyed,the,search,area】
Alan,surveyed,the,search,area(二)
The Challenges of Research and Development (R&D) Efforts: A Study of Small to-Medium Industries (SMIs) in Abia State, Nigeria
[a] Ph.D， Department of Business Administration， Kogi State University， Anyigba， Nigeria. *Corresponding author.
Received 20 June 2013； accepted 13 August 2013.
Abstract
This article is on the Challenges of Research and Development （R & D） Efforts on Small-to-Medium scale Industries （SMIs） in Abia State， Nigeria. The survey findings include： that SMIs in Abia State have no R & D activities going on in their firms； their production techniques are both manual and machine operated； they only produce light and consumer � oriented goods； operating below installed capacity， have no relationship with any research institute in the country； have no technical partners； and are technically and technologically dependent the result of all these is that SMIs in Abia State cannot compete effectively both nationally and globally. Based on these findings， the paper made far reaching recommendations in aid of a vibrant research and developments activities by SMIs， the organized private sector （OPS） and government owned research institutes， all to the benefit of the Nigerian economy.
Key words： Small-to-Medium Industries （SMIs）； Research and Development （R & D）； Commercialization； Mode of operation； Capacity utilization； Technological dependence； Challenges
INTRODUCTION Every nation is striving to be relevant in the global economy. This is achieved by being an active participant in international trade and having trade surplus.
This is also made possible by having variety of high quality products in the global markets. Doing this effectively and successfully entail a lot of research and development efforts and programmes， and funding them adequately.
While many newly developed countries （NICs） and advanced nations have impressive records of R & D outputs， most third world nations， including Nigeria， do not. This accounts for why majority of them are technically and technologically dependent and therefore underdeveloped.
There is a correlation between modern industrialization and vibrant research and development policies. Innovation， which is the introduction of new products and services to the market depends on R & D. Manufacturers must innovate because products don’t sell forever， again many competitors are introducing many new products all the time to the market. In other words， manufacturing firms must innovate， or they will not have new or improved products to sell and will naturally die.
It is against this backdrop that this article will investigate the challenges of research and development efforts of small to medium scale industries （SMIs） in Abia State， Nigeria. 1. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Since Nigeria got her independence in 1960， several attempts have been made to define and classify SMEs. Based on different criteria-capital outlay， differences in policy forms and various perceptions， different government agencies， NGOs， Universities， donor organizations， etc， have applied （and are still applying） various definitions.
The following bodies � Central Bank of Nigeria（CBN）， Centre for Management （CMD）， Federal Ministry of Industry （FMI）， Nigerian Bank for Commerce and Industry （NBCI）， Nigerian Economic Reconstruction Fund （NERFUND）. Family Economic Advancement Programme （FEAP）， Nigerian Industrial Development Bank （NIDB）， Centre for Research and Industrial Development （CRID）， Centre for Industrial Research and Development （CIRD） of the Obafemi Awolowo University， Ile-Ife， Nigerian Association of Small and Medium Enterprises （NASME）， Nigerian Export-Import Bank （NEXIM）， SMEDAN， the National Council of Industry （NCI）， Bank of Industry （BOI）， Small and Medium Industries Equity Investment Scheme （SMIEIS）， African Entrepreneurship Initiative （AELI）， etc， have used different definitions at various time. Many authors and researchers have also attempted giving their own definitions. For our purpose， we shall adopt only three definitions， namely the classifications of the National Council of Industry （NCI）； SMIEIS and AELI. The NCI started in 1992 to classify industries in Nigeria， to be revised every four years. The NCI’s definitions have been revised twice � in 1996 and 2001. However， he current national classifications of SMEs are shown on Table 1.
In response to governments’ concern for the promotion of SMEs as a vehicle for rapid industrialization， poverty alleviation and employment generation， SMIEIS came into existence. It is a voluntary initiative of the Bankers Committee （i.e Committee of CEOs of banks in Nigeria and CBN）， which came into existence on June 19， 2001. The scheme requires all banks operating in Nigeria to set aside 10 percent of their profit before tax （PBT） as equity investments in Small and Medium-scale Industries （SMIs）.
For the purpose of this scheme a small and medium industry is defined as any enterprise （excluding trading） with a maximum asset base of N200 million， excluding land and working capital； and the number of staff employed by the enterprise shall not be less than 10 and not more than 300.
The role of SMEs and SMIs in economic development involves more than just increasing per capital output and income， it involves initiating and constituting change in the structure of business and society. This change is accompanied by growth and increased output， which allows more to be divided by the various participants. What in an area that facilitates the needed change and development？ Once theory of economic growth depicts innovation as the key， not only in developing new products（or services） for the market but also in stimulating investment interest in the new ventures being created. This new investment works on both the demand and the supply sides of the growth equation， the new capital created expands the capacity for growth （supply side）， and the resulting new spending utilizes the new capacity and output （demand side） （Hisrich & Peters， 1998）. The contributions of SMIs in an economy are numerous， diverse and integrated. Some of these include： stimulation of indigenous entrepreneurship， transformation of traditional/local industry， creation of countless employment opportunities/openings， linking up the various sectors and sub-sectors of the economy， business interdependence， maintenance of competition， greater innovations and creativity， stemming ruralurban migration， increasing standard of living， paying more taxes which enables governments to provide basic amenities， mobilizing savings and investments， dispersal of business enterprises， competing globally and earning foreign exchange for themselves and the economy， contributing to regional activity/cooperation. Onuoha（2008）， Osuala （1993）， Baumback （1992）， etc.
To be in a better position to discharge the above mentioned roles， SMIs ought to have robust records of research and development activities. Unfortunately， this is not the situation in this country. Why is research and development （R & D） vital for a strong and competitive small-to medium industries’ sub-sector？ Research and development activities are critical for new products or improvements in existing products to be assured， which in turn ensure the economic well-being of the citizenry of any nation Ogwo （2002） is of the view that the output of research is essential for the following reasons：
（1） Products or services which constitute the indices for measuring the quality of life in a society have a life cycle information， growth， maturity and decline. They thus need to be constantly replaced by the new output of research.
（2） The demand for most products fluctuates， thus companies would need new products to maintain stability in their revenue flows.
（3） Threats to the supply of inputs （raw materials） for companies often exist suggesting an often compelling need for research to discover alternative supplies or sources of supply.
（4） Research outputs in their quantum or quality（newness or novelty） terms enhance the status or image of a company.
（5） Researchers and the output bring about a fuller utilization of resources which otherwise will lie idle.
（6） Output of research when they lead to additions to the product line， assist the company in diversifying risk.
2. METHODOLOGY This is essentially a survey research. The area covered by the study is broadly Nigeria and specifically manufacturing firms in Abia State. Emphasis was on those that are members of trade associations in this case， Manufacturers Association of Nigeria （MAN）， Abia State Chapter. The table above shows the companies’ mode of operations covering a range of issues. Majority of the companies surveyed 24（73%） were producing light and consumer oriented goods. About 15% of firms’ products were partly industrial and partly consumer goods， and 4（12%） of the firms’ were producing heavy and nonconsumer oriented goods. Some of the light and consumer oriented goods included： beverages， soft drinks， sachet water， refined PKO oil， vegetable oil， ice cream， wine and spirit， cosmetics， polythene bags， paints， soap and detergent， issue paper， pharmaceuticals， shoes， stockings， rubber products and plastics. Some of the industrial products were palm kernel oil， industrial paints， solid minerals， automotive paints， industrial coaling， wood vanish， lubricating oils， jumbo rolls， adhesive， bread wrappers， pvc， pipes， wire and nails. Examples of heavy and non consumer goods include： Switch gears， electrical/ mechanical fabrications.
The information on the basic production techniques showed that 4（12%） were mainly manual operation； 5（15%） were mainly machine operated， 2（6%） were completely automated， and the bulk of the firms， 22（67%） were operating based on both manual and machine operated techniques. On procurement of machines， 27（82%） of firms imported their machines， while 6（18%） of the firms’machines were procured partly locally and partly imported. In other words， the machines of most manufacturing firms in Abia State had high foreign content.
On sourcing of production materials， either locally or imported. On the local level the picture was as follows； 14（42%）； 15（45%）； 3（9%） and 1（3%） sourcing. On the imported level were； 3（9%）； 13（39%）； 16（48%） and above 01（80%） sourcing. No firm had used any research findings from any of our research institutes. Some of the reasons given for this were：
No relationship existed between the research findings and the mode of business operations.
There were policy gaps between the research institutions and government on one hand and between government and the intended beneficiaries of research finding on the other.
The research institutes often do not get inputs （information and others needs） from the manufacturing firms.
Some business organizations claimed to be unaware of the existence of the research findings.
On capacity utilization 3 firms were utilizing machines between 10-20%， 11 firms， between 21-30%； 17 firms， between 31-40%； 2 firms， between 41-50% and no firm is operated above 50% installed capacity. This implied hat virtually all the manufacturing entities were operating below 50% installed capacity. Indeed majority of them（52% of firms） were operating between 31-40% of installed capacity. None of the firms surveyed had any research and development relationship with any multinational corporation in this country. This means， that the socalled claim of transfer of technology by multinational corporations to indigenous firms could not be ascertained.
From the above， all the manufacturing firms indicated that at the period of this research work， they did not have any technical partner. However， seven of the business claimed they had technical partnership at inception. The reasons for not having technical partner（s） were adduced thus：
（1）They had adequate technical manpower.
（2）Present operations did not require technical partner.
（3）Continuously， the firm business had trained and retrained their staff.
（4）High cost of maintaining technical partner（partnership）.
（5）High cost of foreign exchange （rate） due to the depreciation in value of the national currency， the Naira.
On whether the companies’ products were given indigenous or foreign brand names， 28（85%） gave products local brand names， in any case， in English language. They created these brand names. No firm accepted to have given its products copied foreign names.
Unfortunately， none of the firms under study， has an inhouse research and development activities or programmes. Some of the factors responsible for this include： lack of funds， no research and development unit or research staff； limited scope of operation （mostly within Abia State and South-East）； and nor-existence of government support in this direction.
Nigerian firms have poor records of research and development （R&D）. As such， they are neither technological leader （pioneering innovations） nontechnological followers （experts of imitating the products of competitors）. Bateman and Snell （2011：591） have highlighted the advantages and disadvantages of technological leadership. The advantages � first-mover advantage， little or no competition， greater efficiency， higher profit margins， sustainable advantage， reputation for innovation， establishment of entry barriers， occupation of best market niches and opportunities to learn. The disadvantages � greater risk， cost of technology development， costs of market development and customer education， infrastructural costs， costs of learning and eliminating defects and possible cannibalization of existing products.
Firms that emphasize growth through acquisitions over internal development tend to be less innovative than others in the long run （Hitt et al.， 1996）. Research suggests that companies must have at least a minimal R&D capability if they are to correctly assess the value of technology developed by others （Wheelen & Hunger， 2008）. This is called a company’s “absorptive capacity”and is a valuable by-product of routine in-house R&D activity （Cohen & Levinthal， 1990）. Absorptive capacity is a firm’s ability to recognize， assimilate and utilize new external knowledge （Lane & Lubatkin， 1998）. What are the implications of all these for most enterprises particularly， manufacturing， ICT-based and oil and gas companies operating in the country and for the nation at large？ The include that these companies are technologically dependent； and the nation is technologically backward. Technology dependence and backwardness allow the developed countries to exercise control over what we produce and how， hence our rate of development is at their whims and caprices （Onuoha， 2012）.
The challenges of SMIs in Nigeria are reflected in their modes and scope of operation； financial constraints； harsh business environments， governments’ poor funding of research institutes， and the inability of these firms to commercialize the findings and inventions of these research institutes. All these have far reaching consequences.
The research effort reveals a number of unhealthy developments， inimical to effective technological and industrial development of the economy. They are：
（1）Majority of manufacturing enterprises in Nigeria generally and Abia State specifically are into the production of light and consumer-oriented goods.
（2）Their mode of operation technique is both manual and machine operated. Complete automation of operations is till a far cry.
（3）Their major machines ad raw materials are import oriented with the attendant foreign exchange implications.
（4）Most of them had never used the research findings of some of our research institutes， have no technical partner， operating below installed capacity on average at 40%， the national average is 48.8% and have no research and development relationship with any multinational corporation or university in the country.
（5）They are all engaged in downstream industrial activities such as light， labour-intensive， and low capital manufacturing， with very low export potentials.
All these go to show the low level of indigenous technology in Nigeria. Our manufacturing enterprises are more or less completely dependent technically and technologically. We lack innovative technology culture， as is the case by the happy experiences of countries like India， China， Brazil and Indonesia， etc， the economic development of which has depended on the ability to acquire， adapt， modify and improve foreign technology， and their large populations.
The country is culpably underdeveloped in terms of technology development � an essential ingredient for industrial development. The implication also， is that our notable research institutes like Federal Institute of Industrial Research， Oshodi （FIIRO）， Raw Materials Research Development Council （RMRDC）， Project Development Agency （PRODA） among others， have not made the desired impact. Some of the factors responsible for this are： （1） Weakness of the private sector executive capacity.
（2） The low level of personal income limiting the scope of individual efforts with regard to science and technology and precipitating the incidence of drain in the country.
（3） The need to develop a critical mass of scientists and technologists and the basic infrastructure of higher education.
（4） The cost of industrial R&D hardware and software have become prohibitive.
（5） Fiscal policy of reduced budgetary allocation resulting in inadequate funding of industrial R&D activities.
（6）Inability to effectively engaged in technology transfer or acquisition due largely to inadequate negotiating capability， exorbitant payments for acquired technology， inclusion of restrictive clauses， etc.（Industrialization Handbook， 1992）. All these are inimical to the country’s industrial development.
On his own part， Maiyaki （2002） lists the following as the major challenges to research and development efforts， which are public sector led： inadequate infrastructure， a culture of anti-intellectualism， poor financial support， insufficient educated managers， dependence of foreign companies on their puppet companies， insufficient information sources， low quality of output of our tertiary institutions， very limited opportunities for Nigerian researchers to participate in international workshops， seminars and conferences， political instability， government policy on federal character and loss of competent academic staff.
In the area of indigenous firms’ inability to effectively utilize indigenous inventions from our research institutes and universities， Oyowole （2004） lists the major constraints to include：
（1） Non-availability of information on commercial is able inventions and R&D result；
（2） Poor technological entrepreneurial culture in educational institutions and research institutes；
（3） Inadequate curricular in the educational institutions；
（4） Inadequate government support for spin-off companies；
（5） Inadequate infrastructures；
（6） Inadequate motivation for the commercialization of inventions/research results；
（7） Instability of government， poor planning and execution of policies；
（8） Inadequate operation and coordination of spinoff promotional agencies；
（9） Lack of funding organizations； and
（10） Inadequate patent education and ineffective enforcement of intellectual property rights. Poor incentives for banks to finance SMIs due mainly to high administrative costs associated with disbursing loans to SMIs （Onuoha， 2008）.
Finally， the financing problems of SMIs are further compounded by the reluctance of banks to credits to them. The reasons for this reluctance have been articulated by Onoh （2005）. These include：
（1） Banks have not forgotten so quickly that the default in the repayment of loans granted SMIs in the 70s and 80s， with the encouragement of government， contributed largely to the bank distress syndrome of the late 80s and most of the 90s， and eventually led to the collapse of many of them. One bitten twice shy；
（2） Banks consider the costs of laon administration too prohibitive， as the SMIs have to be monitored constantly to ensure correct management and accountability；
（3） Banks consider SMIs high-risk customers， because some SMIs managers have virtually no training in enterprise management， and the production technology of may of the enterprises are outdated. Consequently， the cost of production continues to rise as the profit continues to fall correspondingly. Such as situation will not guarantee loan repayment；
（4） Banks groom SMIs in the hope that they would one day grow to be big and qualify for listing in the Stock Exchange， and enjoy economies of large scale. Banks will in turn benefit from doing business with the new large enterprise it have helped to groom. To grow big and be listed at the stock exchange is not the ambition of some SMIs. To many SMIs managers， going public is a sure way of losing control in the business， and they would not like o see that happen.
CONCLUSION
Small to medium scale industries in Nigeria lack the capacity to engage in serious research and development activities. In fact， research findings and available evidence across the nation have shown that Nigeria has poor research and development records. These are hindering the development and technology agenda of this poorly governed country. The paper made far reaching recommendations which if religiously implemented will assist the country to attain the vision of being one of the biggest economies by the 2020.
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Alan,surveyed,the,search,area(三)
A Taste of China:Design Around the Table
Following its successful par-ticipation in the 2012 Salone del Mobile which culminated in the establishment of a partnership with Milan Design Week， Beijing Design Week （BJDW） returned to the exhibition space of Ex-Ansaldo in Zona Tortona with an unprecedented presentation of both displays and events， including A Taste of China： Design Around the Table， an exhibition conceived by Zhu Zheqin （a.k.a. Dadawa）， a well-known Chinese artist and goodwill ambassador for the protection and development of Chinese national culture. The exhibition from April 9 to 14 showcased the work of 11 renowned architects and designers from China’s mainland， Hong Kong， Macau and Taiwan， attracting 100，000 visitors from every corner of the planet. The show was divided into four sections： In the Family， Domestic Comfort， Tea Stories， and Cups， Bowls， Pots and Flasks. Navigating each area feels like walking through a private home or the lobby of a fancy restaurant. Even the design for a sidewalk cafe was highlighted by vintage icons of the 1930s and 40s， arranged by Alan Chan， a famous designer from Hong Kong. The presentation was part of a thematic journey inspired by the richness of food culture， dining etiquette， and the social complexity of food-related rituals in China.
Eating and drinking were the entry points of the exhibition， displaying the dramatic changes in the culture of urban China through novel designs for housing， daily products， and living environments.
The exhibition was installed by Milanbased studio dotdotdot. Contextualizing Chinese elements not only injected festivity， but also alluded to how contemporary lifestyles， trends and stylistic choices are influenced by changing traditional habits，both in private and public realms.
“Our several months of preparation efforts are paying off，” grinned Dadawa. “We wanted to display the latest designs – practical， cool， and fashionable – on this stage， to disseminate and fuel Chinese aesthetics and conceptual voices.”
Bi Yue， curator of the exhibition，
explained the concept of the campaign.
“Many Chinese designers have suggested we focus on ‘China and design’ instead of‘Chinese design，’ – a substantial differ
ence in a global context，” he illustrated. “I believe that the world will be inspired by the vigor and confidence of the younger generation of Chinese designers.” 推荐访问: