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deepening,healthcare,world,bank(一)
世界银行呼吁解除非洲贸易壁垒
Africa:Deepening Regional Integration
World Bank in July 1944 after the Bretton Woods conference , with the IMF while producing two international financial institutions , is one of a specialized agency under the United Nations . The World Bank in December 1945 formally established , in June 1946 began to transact business , in November 1947 became a specialized agency of the United Nations . Member of the line must be a member of the IMF , but the IMF 's member countries do not necessarily have to participate in the World Bank.
World Bank and the IMF plays both the role of mutual cooperation . IMF is primarily responsible for international monetary affairs issues, whose main task is to provide Member States temporarily to solve international payments imbalances short-term foreign capital , in order to eliminate exchange controls , exchange rate stability and to promote the expansion of international trade . The World Bank is primarily responsible for economic revival and development of Member States to provide economic development and long-term loans.
Accordance with the " IBRD Articles of Agreement " provisions , the World Bank 's mission is:
( 1 ) through investment in productive enterprises , to assist Member States with the revival of the economy , and encouraging the development of the least developed countries of resources ;
( 2 ) by way of security or to participate in personal loans and other private investment , promote private foreign investment . When Member States can not obtain private capital under reasonable conditions , you can use the bank 's own capital or raise funds to supplement the lack of private investment ;
( 3 ) to encourage international investment, to assist Member States to increase production capacity , and promote the balanced development of member countries in international trade and balance of payments situation improved ;
( 4 ) in the provision of loan guarantees , should be with the other aspects of international lending cooperation.
The World Bank in its inception , mainly Western European countries funded the restoration of the war-torn economy, but in 1948 , the European countries began to rely mainly on the U.S. " Marshall Plan " to restore the post-war economy , the World Bank then turned to the main developing long-term loans and investment , and promote economic and social development of developing countries . The World Bank says regional trade barriers are blocking African countries from billions of dollars in potential earnings. It says it's easier for those countries to trade with other parts of the world
than with each other. The World Bank has released a new report – called De-Fragmenting Africa: Deepening Regional Integration .
World Bank in its investigation barriers to cross-border transactions in Africa stifle the report said, "For Africa, and the world than in the other states to trade for trade within the continent is much easier."
The World Bank stressed that the euro zone is always an extremely important African partners, a sharp slowdown in economic growth in Europe, when Africa should accelerate its internal trade flows in order to promote economic development. It is estimated that the economic recession in the euro zone this year could result in Africa's economic growth fell 1.3%.
Although in recent years the parties concerned in the promotion of Africa's internal trade achievements for all to see , but the prevalence of African countries due to the current level of industrialization and varying degrees backward , a single export product and similar high logistics costs , trade barriers and other constraints everywhere,restrictions African countries, the growth of cross-border trade . In addition , there are reports that over- reliance on crude oil and other commodity -based trade is also on the outside of the African continent more vulnerable to external shocks,economic growth in Africa in 2009 by the U.S. subprime mortgage crisis triggered by the global economic crisis that had slipped the best example.
In view of the above problems,analysts pointed out that Africa should promote the development of internal trade remedy,multi-pronged approach .
First of all, we should vigorously develop roads,railways,ports,electricity and communications and other infrastructure,especially in the construction of cross-border road transport network in order to reduce cross-border trade in freight costs.
Secondly, the expansion of agricultural production , the development of trade in agricultural products . Africa has about 27% of the world 's arable land and the unique climatic conditions , can be used to develop agricultural production . However, many countries in Africa than in other countries in Africa never to import food and agricultural products. " Economic Development in Africa Report 2013 " that the 2007 to 2011 period , there are 37 countries in Africa are net importers of food , as well as 22 countries are net importers of agricultural raw materials.How to make good use of African countries have a huge potential for trade in agricultural products,is placed in front of an African policy makers problems to be solved .
Finally,the elimination of trade barriers and increase productivity of both measures simultaneously.The World Bank report released early last year,numerous African countries because of trade barriers,the annual losses caused by billions of dollars.On the other hand,the productivity level is relatively backward to some extent,restricted the development of intra-African trade.To this end,the person called on African leaders in efforts to eliminate barriers to trade at the same time,vigorously
develop the productive forces in order to create and provide more value-added products,in order to promote intra-African trade to enhance the level .
"In the international economic turbulence,North America,Europe and other traditional markets stagnation period,intra-African food, basic production and service areas a great opportunity to cross-border trade has not yet been fully utilized."
World Bank Vice President Africa,said African leaders should accelerate the construction of a scale in which 1 billion people and an area of nearly $ 2 trillion market.
It is reported that trade between African countries accounted for only 10% of its total trade, while in North America, its internal regional trade accounted for 40% of total trade, the ratio was 63% in Western Europe.
Paul Brenton, is the bank's trade practice leader for the African region and co-editor of the report: "The Africa market is split into many individual country markets and many of those countries are small. And bringing those markets together would bring a lot of opportunities for people to trade across borders, but (also) to exploit the benefits of a much larger market. And the book is about barriers that ordinary traders face every day in trying to get across borders that are fragmenting those markets." He said there are great opportunities for opening new markets.
"For example, in agricultural products, Africa has enormous potential to produce and sell more agricultural products. But barriers to trade are limiting that potential. There's also potential in manufactures (sic). As Africa grows and middle classes emerge, there are plenty of opportunities for manufactures to be produced locally. But again, they're not emerging yet. And there are also plenty of opportunities for trade in services for people, for professionals – doctors, teachers – to be able to sell their services across borders," he said.
Africa's traditional markets of Western Europe and the United States have been "stagnant" due to the global recession.
There are new markets and they're very close. And it seems obvious that Africa should be exploiting its own markets as they grow, but often it's much harder for Africans to trade with each other than it is for them to trade the rest of the world," said Brenton.
The World Bank official said trade barriers in Africa often occur right at the border.
"There are a lot of agreements on regional trade in Africa on paper. And the real challenge is implementation. So what we find at the borders is a real lack of implementation of these agreements. In part, that reflects issues of governance. So if you go to the border of the DRC with Rwanda, you find there are 17 agencies at the border, each trying to get some money off traders as they cross the border and, even worse, harassing them in some cases. Now,there should only be four agencies at the border," he said.
Trade barriers can affect consumers, as well. For example, the South African supermarket chain,
Shoprite, spends $20,000 a week on permits just to sell products in Zambia alone.
"If a firm has to spend a lot of resources on paperwork, on getting the necessary permits and licenses, if their trucks spend a long waiting at the border because the processing of these documents takes such a long time, then that's passed on to the consumer in terms of high prices. This is an important issue, particularly with regard to food at the moment," said Brenton.
The World Bank recommends simplifying border procedures; using cross border mobile banking to improve access to finance and eliminating expensive import and export licensing procedures. It also calls for reforming regulations and immigration rules to allow a free flow of goods and services between countries.
The bank currently invests more than $4 billion in regional trade integration in Africa. Much of that goes to improving infrastructure, such as transportation and energy projects. That investment is scheduled to increase to $5.7 billion by July of this year. More of the funding is expected to be directed to regulatory issues.
deepening,healthcare,world,bank(二)
最新2013B)应用型大学英语B-2-6
名称
B)应用型大学英语B-2-6
状态 已完成
分数 得 47 分，满分
50
分
说明
问题 1 得
1 分，满分 1 分
How do many members of Generation D feel when they pay back
their loans on credit cards?
所选答
案： D. They feel disappointed because they have to make sacrifice to repay their loans before they have well-paying,
full-time jobs.
The Generation D is different from their previous generation in that
___________.
所选答案： B. they begin their adulthood with material comfort
It’s common for many high school graduates to have debt because
___________.
所选答案： B. they get student loans to pay for their further
education
The lure of living on debt increased in the 1990s which resulted from the following causes except that __________.
所选答案： B. the federal government increased student loans
What’s the subtle change in 1990s mentioned in the text?
所选答案： C. The economy became prosperous.
A Ph.D. candidate considered returning to her old job—dealing
blackjack—after earning her doctorate because __________.
所选答案： C. her old job was a well-paying job
According to the passage, as young people spend more than they
earn, they will __________.
所选答
案：
D. let their debt have little to do with the timing of their life milestones
It can be inferred that the most important reason that younger
generations have more debts is that __________.
所选答案： C. they get used to a life with material comfort
Young people’s social environment has a ____________ effect on
their academic progress.
所选答案： C. profound
Rachel is a Hebrew name in origin, and it means gentle and
___________ like a sheep.
所选答案： A. innocent
I must admit that I admire the __________ you are making to
improve your English -- getting up at six o'clock every morning to
read aloud for four successive years.
所选答案：【deepening,healthcare,world,bank】
A. sacrifice
Books contain the history of our race, the discoveries we have made
所选答案： D. circulated
countless people who are now displaced from their homes by the earthquake.
所选答案：
C. critical
Climate change is a direct ___________of the way human beings act.
所选答案： B. consequence
As soon as there's a need to wait for something, an orderly line will form, as if by magic, and we'll all stand ___________ in line, waiting our turn.
所选答案：
B. dutifully
The university ___________ fee per year is about HK$ 40,000 which is quite expensive. Therefore, many students have got a loan from the bank.
所选答案：
B. tuition
London hotel growth is set to ___________in the years leading up to the 2012 Olympic Games.
所选答案： D. boom
得 1 分，满分 1 分 问题 18
Your blogs ___________ what a close relationship you have with your children.
所选答案： C. portray
Cash-strapped consumers are prepared to overstretch themselves
__________ and are failing to think through the consequences,
a survey has suggested.
所选答案：
D. on credit
UK residents spend an average £229 a year on food, the highest in Europe. ___________, Spanish people spend only £56 a
year, while Italians spend £128 a year on average.
所选答案：
D. In contrast
The film also proves that what comes around goes around, meaning what evil you do you will have to pay the___________.
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