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the,parallelogram,物理(一)
概念物理
1
Science is a human activity of learning to make predictions based on regularities,and makingconnections between things that at first seemed to have no relationship.Measurements are a hallmark of good science.How much you know something is often related to how well you can measure it.
Although the scientific method is appealing,much progress in science has comeFrom trial and error, or just plain accidental discovery by well-prepared mind.The success of science rests more on an attitude common to the scientist than on a particular method.
2
According to Newton’s first law of motion ,the law of inertia, every objectcontinues in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed upon it. Simply put , things tend to keep on doing what they are already doing.
The property of objects to resist changes in their states of motion is called inertia. Mass is a measure of the inertia of an object. Mass and weight are proportional to each other. The mass of an object only depends on the amountand type ofmatter in it,while its weight also depends on its location.
3
Motion is relative.Speed is how fast something moves. Its magnitude equals tothe distance covered per unit of time.Velocity is speed in a given direction. Velocity is a vector quantity specifying both magnitude and direction.While speed is a scalar quantity requiring only magnitude for a description.
Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes with respects to time. An object accelerates when its speed is increasing, decreasing, or whenthe direction of motion is changing. An object in free fall accelerates under the influence of gravity alone,with air resistance not affecting its motion.
4
The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force acting on the object, is in the direction of the net force. And is inversely proportional to the mass of the object.A falling object reaches its terminal speed when the net force on it is zero.
Friction arises from the irregularities in the surfaces in mutual contact, and it depends on the kinds of material and how much they are pressed together.Even very smooth surfaces have microscopic irregularities that obstruct motion.For givensurfaces, static friction is greater than sliding friction.
5
Newton’s third law states: whenever one object exerts a force on a second
object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first . Thesetwo forces called action and reaction, are co-parts of a single interaction.
The resultant of two vectors may be represented by the diagonal of the parallelogram constructed with the two vectors adjacent sides. Just as two vectors at right angles can be combined into one resultant vector. Any vectors can be resolved into two component vectors perpendicular to each other. 6
Momentum is defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity.
A force sustains for a certain time produces a change in momentum. The quantity force multiplying time interval is called impulse. The impulse is equal to the change of momentum of the object the impulse acts on.
According to the law of conservation of momentum, in the absence of an external force, the momentum of a system remains unchanged. For practical purposes. Momentum is conserved in collisions whether they are elastic or inelastic.An inelastic collision is characterized by lasting deformation or the generation of heat.
7
The work done on an object by an applied force is defined as the product of the component of force in the direction of motion and the distance through
which the object is moved. Power is the rate at which work is done.
According to the law of conservation of energy. Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it may be transferred from one location to another or transferred from one form into another , but the total amount of energy never changes.
8
The resistance of an object to changes in its rotational state of motion is called rotationalinertia. It depends on the distribution of the mass about the axis of rotation. Because of rotational inertial, a solid cylinder starting from rest will roll down an incline faster than a hoop.
The rotational speed, or angular speed, involves the number of rotations or revolutions per unit of timre. In any rigidly rotating system, all parts have the same angular speed, while their tangential speed, or linear speed, varies and depends on the rotational speed and the distance from the axis of rotation.
9
Centripetal force is any force that pulls an object at right angles to its path and tendsto produce a circular motion. Centrifugal force is an apparent effect of rotation . Within the rotating reference frame, it is as real as the pull of gravity, but with no interaction counterpart.
Angular momentum is defined as the product of rotational inertia and rotation
Velocity, and its direction lines along the axis of rotation. If no net external torque acts on a rotating system, the angular momentum of that system remains constant.
10
Newton’s law of universal gravitation states that every object attracts every other object with a force that for any two objects, is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance separating them.
The ocean tides are caused by differences in the gravitational pull between the Moon and the earth on opposite sides of the earth. For the same reason, there isa small difference between center of gravity and center of mass for any large object.
11
The three manners of transmitting heat are: conduction, convection, and radiation. In conduction, heat is transferred by successive collision of electrons and atoms. Convection involves the motion of blocks of matter. Radiant energy is in the form of electromagnetic waves.
All substances at any temperature above absolute zero emit radiant energy. The peak frequency of the radiant energy is directly proportional to the absolutetemperature of the emitter. Good emitters of radiant energy are also
the,parallelogram,物理(二)
物理专业英语
1.Logic
∃ there exist
∀ for all
p⇒q p implies q / if p, then q
p⇔q p if and only if q /p is equivalent to q / p and q are equivalent
2.Sets
x∈A x belongs to A / x is an element (or a member) of A x∉A x does not belong to A / x is not an element (or a member) of A
A⊂B A is contained in B / A is a subset of B
A⊃B A contains B / B is a subset of A
A∩B A cap B / A meet B / A intersection B
A∪B A cup B / A join B / A union B
A\B A minus B / the difference between A and B A×B A cross B / the Cartesian product of A and B
3. Real numbers
x+1 x plus one
x-1 x minus one【the,parallelogram,物理】
x±1 x plus or minus one
xy xy / x multiplied by y
(x - y)(x + y) x minus y, x plus y
x y x over y
= the equals sign
x = 5 x equals 5 / x is equal to 5
x≠5
x≡y
x ≡ y
x > y
x≥y
x < y
x≤y
0 < x < 1
0≤x≤1
| x |
x 2
x 3
x 4
x n
x −n
x1/2
x 1/3 x (is) not equal to 5 x is equivalent to (or identical with) y x is not equivalent to (or identical with) y x is greater than y x is greater than or equal to y x is less than y x is less than or equal to y zero is less than x is less than 1 zero is less than or equal to x is less than or equal to 1 mod x / modulus x x squared / x (raised) to the power 2 x cubed x to the fourth / x to the power four x to the nth / x to the power n x to the (power) minus n (square) root x / the square root of x cube root (of) x
x1/ 4 fourth root (of) x
x 1/n nth root (of) x
( x+y ) 2 x plus y all squared
( x y ) 2 x over y all squared
n! n factorial
x ^ x hat
x ¯ x bar
x ˜ x tilde
x i xi / x subscript i / x suffix i / x sub i
a the sum from i equals one to n a i / the sum as i runs i
in
from 1 to n of the a i
4. Linear algebra
‖ x ‖ the norm (or modulus) of x
OA OA / vector OA
OA OA / the length of the segment OA
A T A transpose / the transpose of A
A −1 A inverse / the inverse of A
5. Functions
f( x ) fx / f of x / the function f of x
f:S→T a function f from S to T
x→y x maps to y / x is sent (or mapped) to y
f'( x ) f prime x / f dash x / the (first) derivative of f with
respect to x
f''( x ) f double-prime x / f double-dash x / the second derivative of f with respect to x
f'''( x ) triple-prime x / f triple-dash x / the third derivative of f with respect to x
f (4) ( x ) f four x / the fourth derivative of f with respect to x ∂f /∂ x 1 the partial (derivative) of f with respect to x1 ∂ 2 f /∂ x 1 2 the second partial (derivative) of f with respect to x1
0 the integral from zero to infinity
lim x→0 the limit as x approaches zero
lim x→ 0 + the limit as x approaches zero from above lim x→ 0 − the limit as x approaches zero from below log e y log y to the base e / log to the base e of y / natural log (of) y
lny log y to the base e / log to the base e of y / natural log (of) y
一般词汇【the,parallelogram,物理】
数学 mathematics, maths(BrE), math(AmE)
公理 axiom
定理 theorem
计算 calculation
运算 operation
证明 prove
假设 hypothesis, hypotheses(pl.)
命题 proposition
算术 arithmetic
加 plus(prep.), add(v.), addition(n.) 被加数 augend, summand
加数 addend
和 sum
减 minus(prep.), subtract(v.), subtraction(n.) 被减数 minuend
减数 subtrahend
差 remainder
乘
times(prep.), multiply(v.), multiplication(n.) 被乘数 multiplicand, faciend
乘数 multiplicator
积 product
除 divided by(prep.), divide(v.), division(n.) 被除数 dividend
除数 divisor
the,parallelogram,物理(三)
物理专业英语复习题库
专业应试题库【the,parallelogram,物理】
一，专业词汇翻译
A spherical system of coordinates 球坐标系 Absolute scale绝对温标
Absolute temperature 绝对温度 Absolute zero 绝对零度
Acute angle锐角
Adiabatic process绝热过程
Adjacent邻近的
Amount of heat 热量
Amplitude振幅
Analytical expression解析式
Angular momentum角动量
Angular velocity角速度
Annihilate湮灭
Appreciable相当多的
Approximate solution近似解
Arbitrarily任意的变换莫测的
Assume that 假设
At constant pressure定压
At rest静止的，
Axial symmetry轴对称
Axis of rotation转轴
Be independent of 独立的，
Be proportional to 与……成正比
Bend使弯曲的
Capacitor电容器
Center of mass质心
Centripetal force向心力
Cgs厘米-克-秒制（Centimeter-Gram-Second）
Change in jumps 突变
Chaotic无序的
Charge by conduct 接触起电
Charge by induction 感应起电
Circulation motion圆周运动
Classical mechanics经典力学
Coefficient系数
Coherent相干性
Combustion engine内燃机
Comparison 参照物
Compensate 补偿，抵消
Conductor导体
Consecutive 连贯的
Consequently结果，因此
Conservation守恒
Considerable 相当大的
Constant常量
Constructive interference 干涉相长
Coordinate system坐标系
Coulomb’s law库仑定律
Counter-phase反相
Cross-sectional 横截面
Curl旋度
Curvilinear motion曲线运动
Cyclic process循环过程
Decrement衰减率
Denominator分母
Density密度
Derivative导数
Destructive interference干涉相消
Developing显影
Deviation from脱离 逸出
Diatomic双原子的
Difference差异
Diffraction衍射
Dimension 维
Discrete value离散值
Displacement位移
Distance 距离
Distribution function分布函数
Divergence 散度
Dynamics动力学
Elastic collision弹性碰撞
Electric dipole电偶极子
Electric field 电场
Electric potential 电势
Electric potential energy电势能
Electrically polarized电极化
Electrodynamics电动力学
Electromagnetic电磁学
Electron电子
Electrostatic静电
Elementary mass元质量，质量元
Embodiment体现具体化
Emulsion感光剂
Energy能量
Energy level 能级
Entropy 熵
Equilibrium平衡
Equipartition principle均分定理
Ether以太
Exposure曝光
External force外力
Factor因素
First law of thermodynamics热力学第一定律 Focal plane焦平面
Fraunhofer diffraction夫琅和费衍射
Free fall自由落体
Friction摩擦力
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