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normal和normalold的区别(一)
Common usual normal的区别
Common usual normal的区别
答：common “普通的，一般的”侧重常见的常有的，人人皆知的
如：Apples are very common in North China. 苹果在华北很常见。
也可指“平凡的等”，如the common people 平民
usual “通常的，普通的平常的” 侧重习惯的，经常性的事，
如Let's meet again at the usual place. 我们在老地方见吧！
As usual 照常；和平常一样，
normal “正常的，标准的， 普通的” 侧重与常规，标准等一致，如
the normal temperature of the human body 人的正常体温
The baby's weight is normal.
common,normal,usual,ordinary选词填空
It is to the ____ advantage that steet traffic shoud be well controlled.
填哪一个好呢?请翻译一下这个句子,谢谢
补充问题
还有一题Bear can not move about in its____way in winter.
1.common
2.我的意见与楼上不同,我觉得应该用usual,表示"冬天比较特殊,与通常情况不同【normal和normalold的区别】
原因不能"正常"行走.至于几个词的意思,楼上解释的很好,不再重复.其实,
common 共同的, 公共的, 公有的, 普通的
common sense常识
normal 正常的, 正规的, 标准的
usual 平常的, 通常的, 惯例的 as usual象平常一样
ordinary 平常的, 普通的, 平凡的 ordinary－looking相貌平常的
1 common
正是出于公共利益，街道交通应该被好好控制（为符合汉语表达法可以译为：确保街道交通顺利进行）2 normal
熊在冬天不能以通常的方式四处活动。(熊冬眠是一个常识)
解释：
usual 和 normal两个词的侧重点但从两个词本身的汉语意思不好区别，从二者的反义词着手似乎更容易说明白。unusual 不平常的,不寻常的（多指生活习惯） 与众不同的（指比较新奇、奇特）
abnormal 反常的，不规则的，变态的 【多指人的行为或动物的生活习性】
我不知道自己有没有解释清楚。
.若用normal,没啥好解释的 . 表示熊受了伤或者因为其他这种题主要靠语感
normal和normalold的区别(二)
normal-average等词区别
Normal common ordinary usual average的区别
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush
normal ordinary
都含“正常的”、“正规的”的意思。
normal指“正常的”、“正规的”、“常态的”, 如:
the normal temperature of the human body
人的正常体温。
ordinary指“平常的”、“普通的”强调“平常的”、“平淡无奇的”，, 如: an ordinary day's work
日常工作。
His ordinary supper consists of only bread and milk. 他通常的晚餐不过是面包和牛奶。
common强调“常见的”、“ 不足为奇的”， 如：Colds are common in winter.感冒在冬天很常见。
usual:
(1) adj. 平常的；通常的，惯常的 = normal, happening often
[例句]
Twelve o'clock is the usual time to have lunch.【normal和normalold的区别】
十二点通常是吃饭的时间。
It's usual to have a holiday in the summer. 夏天休假是惯例。
It can't move about in the usual way.
它不能象平常那样到处活动了。
as usual: as always 跟往常一样，象平常一样
Tony arrived late, as usual! 托尼还是同往常一样迟到了！
average 意为"平均的""中等的,普通的,平常的"
例如:the average age 平均年龄
an article of average quality 质量一般的货品
normal和normalold的区别(三)
区别common,general,normal,ordinary,usual的用法
common
⒈ “共有的,公共的,共同的” 其反义词为“rare”。
The husband is French, the wife German, and the servant Italian, but they have English as a common language.丈夫是法国人，妻子是德国人，仆人是意大利人，但是英语是他们的共同语言。
a common saying (俗话)
a common wish (一个共同的愿望)
common knowledge / sense常识
⒉ “普通的,一般的,常见的,熟悉的”
Pine trees are common in many parts of the world.松树在世界上许多地方都很常见。
He wasn’t a hero but just a common man.他不是英雄而是一般人.
This sort of weather is quite common.这种天气非常常见.
⒊ have „in common“和„„有共同之处;共享”
He has nothing in common with his father.他和他父亲无共同之处.
Real friends should have everything in common.真正的朋友应当分享一切. ordinary
⒈ ordinary 作形容词用，表示“普通的，平常的”。Ordinary 与common基本同义，侧重“平凡的，普通的”，表示“随时可以碰到，不值得惊奇”，其反义词为superior。如： His parents are ordinary workers.
他的父母是普通工人
He is an ordinary looking person.他是一个相貌平常的人。
She is busy with her ordinary day’s work.她正忙于日常的工作。
They live in an ordinary house.他们住在一所普通的房子里。
We were dressed up for the party but she was still in her ordinary clothes.我们都盛装赴会，而她却依然日常装束。
Her new house is certainly out of the ordinary.她的新居真是不同凡响。
2. 固定短语 out of the ordinary 表示“不寻常的，特殊的”
in the ordinary way表示“就通常情况而言”。如：
In the ordinary way he would have come with us, but he’s not feeling well.在一般情况下他都和我们一起来，只是他现在身体不太好。
注:一件平凡的事 an ordinary/ a common event
一个普通人 an ordinary/ a common person
general
▲general侧重“普遍”之意，表示在大多数人或物中流行并受到关注，不含有“地位低下”之意，其反义词为 specific。如 There is a general election in that country every three years.
在那个国家每三年就有一次普选 / 大选。
I have got the general idea of what he said just now.
我已明白了他刚才所说的大体意思。
usual
▲usual用来指事物，意为“通常的，惯常的”，含有“由于长时间没有变化而形成了一种习惯或制度, 强调习惯性,一贯如此”之意，其反义词为unusual。如
It’s a usual thing with him.这对他来说是平常事。
He arrived later than usual.他到的比平时晚。
It is usual for him to sit up late at night. 他对熬夜已习以为常。
normal
⒈ normal作形容词，意为“正常的、常规的”。如： Harry seems like a normal boy, but his life is miserable.哈利似乎是一个正常的孩子，但是生活是悲惨的。
The normal temperature of the human body is about 37 degrees centigrade.人体正常的温度大约是摄氏37度。
Weeping is normal response to pain.哭泣是痛苦的正常反应。【normal和normalold的区别】
The Indian music follows its own normal pattern of notes.印度音乐遵循它自己常规的音乐格调。
⒉ a normal school / university 一所师范学校 / 大学
⒊ Her temperature is above / below normal.她的体温高于 / 低于正常标准。 ⒋ normal作名词，仅用单数，意为“通常情况、常态、通常的标准”。如：
They worked long hours for several weeks before everything returned to normal.他们长时间工作了几个星期后一切恢复了正常。
Things have returned to normal.事情已恢复常态。
自我检测
1. My letter, addressed to the wrong number, reached him a month later________.
A. as expected B. than normal C. than usual D. as usual
2. Trees of this kind are so ______ that they can be seen everywhere.
A. common B. usual C. special D. normal
3. As you know, whether the person will be elected president is a matter of ________ interest.
A. general B. common C. ordinary D. mostly
4. He didn’t go into detail on the subject. He just spoke __________.
A. in particular B. in common C. in short D. in general
5. After the earthquake, it took them quite some time to bring the city back to ________.
A. common B. general C. usual D. normal
6. People who commit crimes like that aren’t mentally _________.
A. usual B. general C. normal
D. common
答案与解析
1. C。than usual意为“比平常„„”。
2. A。common在这里表示“不稀有，到处可见”。
3. A。句意为：那人是否被选为总统是（公众）共同感兴趣的问题。句意暗示着“全体的”的意思。
4. D。句意为：他没有对这个问题进行详谈，只是笼统地讲了一下。In general笼统地；in particular特别，尤其；in common相同，共同；in short总之；简言之。
5. D。normal作名词意为“通常情况、常态”。
6. C。句意为：犯这种罪的人心理不正常。用normal。
normal和normalold的区别(四)
Breaking the Old System
On June 26， Lin Jianhua was appointed by national education authorities to take the helm of prestigious Zhejiang University in east China’s Zhejiang Province. But the transfer brought the obscure former headmaster of Chongqing University nothing but embarrassment.
Just days before the announcement， Zhejiang University’s alumni jointly posted a statement online expressing their requirements for a new president， as well as an open letter directly opposing the rumored installation of Lin on the grounds.
“A university with a history of 116 years needs a president who has an excellent academic background in order to carry on its distinguished cultural legacy，” the open letter wrote.
It said that Lin， who was provost and executive vice president of Peking University before becoming president of Chongqing University in October 2010， was a solid administrator yet did not have impressive academic achievements.
Founded in 1897， Zhejiang University ranked 28th on the 2013 Asian University Rankings released by British higher education consulting company Quacquarelli Symonds in June. It is the sixth most prestigious among all higher learning institutions on the Chinese mainland. The university has more than 44，000 full-time students.
Wang Xiaojie， head of the French chapter of Zhejiang University’s Alumni Association who contributed to the formation of the online statement， said that the students， teachers and alumni of the university should be able to have a say in who is appointed its president.
In his inauguration speech， Lin said that he will work hard to provide professors and students with the opportunity to realize their potential and compete fairly.
Stifling bureaucracy
In China， the presidency of a top-notch university is deemed as an official government post. Currently， presidents of 76 universities directly under the Ministry of Education （MOE） have administrative rankings corresponding to vice minister or bureau chief.
That administrators of the nation’s top universities are officials first and educators second is a frequent criticism.
“They answer to the higher authorities that appoint them but not the faculty and students，”said Xiong Bingqi， Deputy Director of Beijingbased education think tank 21st Century Education Research Institute， noting that bureaucracy in higher learning institutions across the country has hampered teaching quality. “How its president is elected reflects the key values of a university， which should be the pursuit of higher academic levels， rather than bureaucratic abilities，” said Yang Dongping， Director of the institute.
The appointment system shows that Chinese universities are not independent， Yang said， adding that the system needs reform and autonomy of universities is an important component of education reform.
According to Liu Daoyu， former President of Wuhan University in central China’s Hubei Province， the current method for selecting university presidents seems to have taken a big step backwards compared to the system that was in use in the 1980s when the MOE would carry out opinion polls among senior academics before appointment. Now university headmasters are simply brought in from on high.
Wang explained， “Professors and students have no idea today who will be appointed head of the university tomorrow； if this were to happen in France it would be a joke.”
Wang favors an approach in which the position is first advertised publicly and then a competitive screening of candidates is undertaken by a body formed by the university in collaboration with central authorities. He suggested that alumni should also be invited to take part in the process.
Chu Zhaohui， a researcher with the National Institute of Education Sciences， warned that “parachuted” presidents were very likely to fail due to a lack of knowledge about their schools.
“Especially after the merger of Chinese universities since the late 1990s， those presidents only with administrative experience will have many problems dealing with the whole management of the larger universities，” Chu said.
In recent years， university presidents have rotated between positions more frequently， which makes it more difficult for them to appreciate the unique characteristics of each university， Xiong said.
Stalled reform
The power of bureaucrats in China’s universities has been widely criticized since 2007， when Zhang Ming， a professor at the Beijing-based Renmin University of China， complained on the Internet how deans abuse their administrative power to influence academic research.
“Universities are run by bureaucrats as if they were government departments. They focus on quantity instead of quality，” Zhang said.
In a blog he wrote in March 2007， Zhang said that he might be forced to leave the university after publicly defying the director of the school of international relations. Two days later， Zhang was deposed as head of his department， although he kept his title at the university.
Other universities strive for relative autonomy. In Guangdong Province’s Shenzhen， Zhu Qingshi bucked the trend as president of South University of Science and Technology， which issues degrees through accredited overseas schools independently of the MOE.
When the MOE required universities to expand enrollment to absorb excess labor， Zhu pushed back to preserve the school’s extraordinarily low student-to-teacher ratio.
According to the aims outlined in China’s 10-year program for education reform in 2011-20， there are going to be changes to the way government manages higher education. The practice of ranking school officials according to the same system that applies to government officials will be done away with and the method of appointing school presidents will be improved.
In January， three presidents recruited through open selections by the MOE assumed the chairs of their universities. They are Zhang Xinxin of University of Science and Technology Beijing， Xu Anlong of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine and Lai Maode of Nanjingbased China Pharmaceutical University in east China’s Jiangsu Province.
The three university presidents were picked last December. It was the second time the MOE has publicly recruited top leaders for its affiliated universities.
The previous round， which began in December 2011， included openings for two university presidents for Changchun-based Northeast Normal University in Jilin Province and Chengdu-based Southwestern University of Finance and Economics in Sichuan Province， as well as six university chief accountants. The whole process had multiple layers of screening that ended in March 2012.
During this round， the ministry adapted requirements for candidates that focused on two things： candidates must have rich experience in management of high-level universities， and they have to guarantee their complete immersion in university management once they are selected.
“A more open selection process will help address the problem that Chinese universities are overly influenced by their administrations，”said Lao Kaisheng， an education professor at Beijing Normal University.
“The new requirements reflect the MOE’s purpose in recruiting truly professional presidents who are impervious to the influence of administrative power，” Xiong said.
Zhang Zongyi， who became president of the Southwestern University of Finance and Economics after going through the MOE’s recruitment process in 2011， said that the procedures were tough. “When I applied for the president position， I did not expect it to be so difficult. I actually thought it would just be some interviews，”Zhang said in an interview with The Beijing News.
When Zhang gave his campaign speech， he found that students and faculty， as well as some retired professors and alumni of the university， were present.
However， Xiong said that the recruitment process is not open enough.
“Although any candidates who meet the requirements can participate in the selection， members of the expert panel that decided the result are from the MOE rather than any independent college councils，” he said.
According to the MOE， public opinions from representatives of faculty and students are also included in the recruitment. However， this does not help dissolve Xiong’s disbelief. “Last year the feedback of faculty and students was not published and we don’t know how big a role their opinions played in the final decision，” Xiong said.
“No success will be achieved for education reform， as long as the presidents are appointed by administrative authorities，” he added.
normal和normalold的区别(五)
脑白质的改变与脑老化
【关键词】脑老化；白质；认知障碍；髓鞘；少突胶质细胞 【中图分类号】R741 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】1004-7484（2013）03-0096-02
年龄依赖的认知功能减退（age-related cognitive decline，ARCD）是脑老化的一种重要特征，表现为记忆和执行功能的减退等现象，被认为是阿尔兹海默病（Alzheimer disease，AD）等疾
病发生重要的前提条件。过去对认知功能降低原因的研究多集中于脑萎缩、神经元的减少等灰质变化上。近年来的一系列研究发现脑白质的退行性改变可能是造成脑老化的重要因素。
本文主要就脑白质在老年认识功能减退中的变化和作用进行综述。
1 老年大脑白质影像学改变
在MRI（magnetic resonance imaging）技术出现以后，对脑体积及功能区域的研究有了较大发展。早先的研究发现老年人群较青年人群的脑体积减少，其中灰质区减少3%，白质区减少11%，尤其是在胼胝体及额叶更为明显。在大样本健康成人脑白质的研究中，其额叶白质体积与年龄关系曲线呈二次回归关系，约50岁前白质体积一直少量增加，而后出现比较明显的持续下降，这表明白质的体积与年龄具高度相关关系，另需指出的是灰质体积并未出现年龄相关的改变【1】。同样在以灵长类猕猴的实验发现，行为测试显示年龄导致的执行功能受损的猕猴其胼胝体前部、上纵束及扣带回体积明显减少，这些部位是执行功能区域重要的皮质间通路〔2〕。
2 老年大脑白质的病理学改变
早期研究的焦点集中于神经元的计数和形态学上的改变。事实上，在对猕猴的主视皮质（17区）和额叶皮质（46区）的神经元计数显示神经元的数目并未随年龄改变。虽然神经元存
在与年龄相关的突触减少和神经递质受体的表达改变，但因年龄并不会导致神经元总数的改变，因此单纯的年龄导致的神经元改变不能完全解释年龄依赖的认知功能减退〔3〕，于是老化过程中胶质细胞的数量形态逐渐受到关注。
2.1 年龄依赖的脑白质炎症反应 现已证实大脑炎症反应的中枢环节是小胶质细胞的激活。通过标记猕猴和小鼠脑内的MHCII发现老年大脑内活化的小胶质细胞数量增多，特别是在脑白质区域尤为明显，而这种现象还伴随着认知能力减退。小胶质细胞可以通过补体成分C3和C4以共价形式与髓鞘结合，其中C3a是强效的炎症趋化因子。小鼠如果缺少C3a受体（C3aR）的表达，其白质的炎症反应将被减弱。这种补体与髓鞘的结合被认为是多发性硬化及其他神经变性疾病的典型病理学特征。现发现随年龄增加这种结合明显增多，因此被认为是老年脑内炎症反应的关键启动环节〔4〕。
除了小胶质细胞的活化，在老年猕猴大脑白质区普遍发现反应性的星形细胞即GFAP（glial fibrillary acidic protein）阳性的细胞数增多，体积增大。在老年人类和啮齿类动物大脑内均发现GFAP的mRNA和蛋白表达上调，但星形胶质细胞的数量并未增加。反应性星形胶质细胞也可通过合成炎症分子导致炎症反应，并且其数量增长同样与年龄有关〔5〕。
此外值得注意的是老年大脑内出现的泛素含量升高现象。用免疫电镜技术发现，泛素阳性的高密度区出现在胶质细胞，而且肿胀的髓鞘能被泛素染色所标记，显示白质的泛素免疫反应性较灰质高〔6〕。由于泛素蛋白质复合物可显示原发性的蛋白降解，其在老年大脑和神经元变性疾病中的出现，说明年龄相关的蛋白酶体功能障碍而导致遗留了大量的未降解的潜在无功能蛋白复合物参与了脑老化过程。
2.2 老年髓鞘的形态变化 在一项针对丹麦人的研究中发现，有髓神经纤维的总长度每10年约减少10%，而一生则可减少45%。这表明髓鞘的长度减少较白质体积减少程度更大，提示老化时髓鞘结构异常，引起的传导功能降低可能参与了老化认知功能损害，老化时的髓鞘退变和破坏与神经传导速度有关，这可能是认知活动减慢的重要原因〔7〕。此外老化时常见的髓鞘异常有髓鞘板层结构分离，髓鞘内囊泡形成以及含有一些致密电子密度颗粒，有研究提示其与认知能力降低有关〔8〕。
3 老年髓鞘的生化和代谢改变
髓鞘的功能正常维持需要髓鞘的各种组分比例和量保持一种动态平衡。老年大脑的炎症反应、髓鞘的崩解变性、异常蛋白质的分解均可打破这种平衡，从而导致髓鞘的功能异常。
3.1 髓鞘成分的改变 髓鞘的主要成分为各种脂质和蛋白质，通过尸检发现老年脑白质中主要脂质成分，包括磷脂质、胆固醇、脑苷脂、脑硫质等的含量呈曲线减少。值得注意的是神经节苷脂的变化，在20～50岁间变化平稳，而70岁后则有明显下降〔9〕，现已证实神经节苷脂的含量和组成变化是影响脑老化的重要因素〔10〕。利用放射性核素替换髓鞘脂质成分来测试代谢率，发现髓鞘脂质代谢可分为两部分，约60%的髓鞘脂质成分代谢速率较快，而剩余40%的髓鞘脂质则相对缓慢。其中脑苷脂和神经节苷脂GM1的代谢率明显升高，提示老年髓鞘的代谢速率较青年快〔11〕。
此外需要注意的是年龄相关的髓鞘蛋白变化。虽有文献报道髓鞘碱性蛋白（myelin basic proteinMBP）存在年龄相关的减少〔12〕，但对存在认知障碍的猕猴研究中发现MBP、蛋白脂质蛋白（proteolipid protein， PLP）及髓鞘相关糖蛋白（myelin-associated glycoprotein，MAG）并未出现预计的年龄相关变化。与之相对的是髓鞘少突胶质细胞特殊蛋白（myelin oligodendrocyte
specific protein，MOSP）和2-3环核苷酸磷酸二酯酶（2′3′-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase， CNPase）在老年大脑中含量增加〔13〕。髓鞘对轴突的紧密压缩需要MBP替换CNP，因此老年 大脑内增多的CNPase可导致髓鞘的结构疏松和空泡形成。而缺乏CNPase的小鼠可导致年龄依赖的神经胶质瘤病〔14〕，则说明CNPase对髓鞘及轴突的维持具有重要作用。与CNPase增长同时发现的是CNPase及MOSP的蛋白降解作用，相当数量的CNPase及MOSP水解片段在老年大脑中被发现。蛋白酶体系统异常和钙蛋白酶-1（calpain-1）活性的异常升高可以解释这一现象〔15〕。因此老年大脑的CNPase增加是由于年龄依赖的髓鞘和轴突维持需要及蛋白水解酶体系统异常两方面因素而致。
3.2 髓鞘的再生修复能力的改变 少突胶质细胞是中枢神经系统（central nervous system， CNS）髓鞘形成细胞，起源于CNS室周区及室下区有增殖能力的神经上皮细胞，即神经祖细胞（neural progenitor cel，l NPC），发育过程依次历经NPC、少突胶质先祖细胞、少突胶质细胞前体细胞（oligodendroglia precursor，OPC）、幼稚少突胶质细胞、成熟少突胶质细胞几个阶段。在此过程中，随着内外环境的改变，一系列特异性的转录因子被激活或抑制从而调控OL的发生、增殖、迁移并最终分化为成髓少突胶质细胞。
在病理性髓鞘损伤后，髓鞘可由NPC、OPC有效修复。研究表明髓鞘形成效率的下降主要因为OPC的募集和分化障碍，而少突胶质细胞的募集主要由转录因子所调控的各种生长因子所调节的。与少突胶质细胞募集有关的生长因子，例如PDGF、FGF和TGF-b在老年均表达下调〔16， 17〕。因此老年状况下少突胶质细胞的转录因子调节作用对解决髓鞘修复障碍具有重要意义。其中几种转录因子如SOX2（维持神经干细胞分化潜能）、Olig2（促进NPC分化为OPC）、Olig1（促进OPC分化为幼稚少突胶质细胞细胞）、SOX10（促进OPC分化为幼稚少突胶质细胞）、Hes5（抑制OPC分化）。Id2/Id4（抑制OPC成熟）是髓鞘修复的关键转录因子。其中已被证实的是在cuprizone诱导的老年小鼠脱髓鞘模型中发现在髓鞘修复时OPCs大量分化为星形胶质细胞而非如青年小鼠般分化为少突胶质细胞，这一现象与Olig2的核浆表达有关〔18〕。
3.3 影响髓鞘修复的表观遗传因素 表观遗传学（epigenetics）是研究在基因组DNA序列没有发生改变的情况下，基因的表达和功能发生可遗传的变化，并最终导致表型变化的机制和
规律。其研究内容主要包括DNA的甲基化、组蛋白的共价修饰、microRNAs（miRNA）等对基因表达的调控作用。
在真核细胞中，核小体为组成染色体的基本结构单位，由组蛋白和大约150个bp的DNA组成的直径约10 nm的球形小体，其核心由H2A、H2B、H3和H4四种组蛋白各两个分子组成八聚体构成，核心颗粒间通过一个组蛋白H1的连接区DNA彼此相连。通过修饰组蛋白末端残基，例如甲基化、乙酰化、磷酸化、泛素化等，改变染色体结构，导致基因表达改变，从而影响细胞命运决定。
组蛋白的修饰主要通过几种酶的作用，包括组蛋白甲基转移酶（histonemethyltransferase，HMT）、组蛋白乙酰转移酶（histone acetyltransferase， HAT）、组蛋白脱乙酰基酶（ histone-Deacetylase，HDAC）。发育中生物的组蛋白大多数处于乙酰化的状态且染色体结构较为松弛，有利于基因的转录。HDAC可将核小体H3组蛋白去乙酰化，使染色体更紧密，导致OPCs的分化抑制基因表达下调。在胚胎期OPC的研究中发现抑制HDAC可导致OPCs分化抑制因子形成抑制基因的表达，最终导致OL形成障碍〔19〕，因此组蛋白修饰与髓鞘修复的关系逐渐受到重视。在老年小鼠大脑的脱髓鞘反应的修复期，HDAC的表达降低，同时观察到髓鞘抑制因子如SOX2、Hes5、Id2、Id4等基因的表达较青年小鼠高，成熟OL少，而抑制HDAC活性后同样能观察到此现象〔20〕。
4 展 望
在对于脑老化的研究从神经元丢失的认识逐渐发展到白质的改变。而衰老时白质改变的认识也经历了从大体形态、生物化学分子成分的变化、转录因子调节到表观遗传的影响等环节。虽然对衰老时白质改变已有了系列的研究，但每个环节都还存在未解决的问题，尤其是对髓鞘修复过程中复杂的分子调控机制的探索仍有大量疑问，特别是最近发现缺少miRNA-219和miRNA-338两种少突胶质细胞特殊的miRNA将导致少突胶质细胞成熟障碍〔21〕，其与老年白质改变的关系目前还未见报道。而解决这些问题将为预防、治疗脑老化提供新思路和策略。
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