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【一】:中国翻译家联盟--写作常用句型
【英语写作常用句型】
段首句 ---对立观点命题形式的首句 ---单一观点式 (agree , disagree)
中间句 ---对立观点式 ---首次提出观点
---进一步论述 ---单一观点式
---agree ---首次提出观点
---进一步论述 ---disagree
---首次提出观点 ---进一步论述
---选择观点式 ---首次提出观点
---进一步论述
结尾句
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 段首句:
（一）对立观点命题形式的首句：
Many people do not doubt that A is superior to B , while others think quite differently on the issue of _____.
Personally, I stand on the side of A .
Some people say A , other people argue B . In a word , _____. But I cannot agree this point of view for many reasons.
There are different views concerning this topic . Some people like to CHOOSE A , some prefer to CHOOSE B .
Personally , I prefer B . I think B has more advantages.
From my point of view , it is more advisable to CHOOSE A than to CHOOSE B .
Despite the fact that most people prefer A , I would like to choose B because the following reasons .
In general , I prefer to _____ .
As far as I am concerned , I would like to prefer _____.
When it comes to _____ , most people tend to believe A . But others consider B as _____ .
When asked about _____ , the vast majority of people would support that A . But others regard B as _____ .
At the risk of address the issue too direct , I prefer A because I think that _____ . When asked about _____ , many people give their opinions that _____ , but other people may see _____ differently.
When faced with _____ , quite a few would claim that _____ , but others , in contrast , deem _____ as _____ .
When inquired about _____ , the vast majority of people would like to _____ , but other people , who hold an opposite view , consider _____ as _____ .
When _____ is mentioned _____ , most people believe that _____ , but other people would rather think _____ as _____ .
While many people may stick to me idea that _____ , I would like to prefer _____ .
（二）单一观点式
A . Agree
One of the greatest writers once said that _____ . Now , it still has its significant realistic value .
I would follow the reasoning that _____ .
Many people advocate that _____ . They claim that _____ . My opinion is the same as theirs in the following reasons .
I totally agree with the statement that _____ . The reasons are presented below . After pondering this question on many occasions , I finally reached the conclusion that _____ is something worthy to do and I cannot skip it .
my arguments for point are listed as follows.
I agree with the above statement because _____ .
Nowhere in the world has the issue of _____ been so much debated like in our society . I agree with the statement that _____ without reservation because _____ .
Thinking logically , I can only say that the title statement is valid because _____ . I fully support the statement above because I am very sure that _____ .
Some may hold the opinion that AAA . But others have a negative attitude . As far as I am concerned , I agree that _____ .
Many one have the idea that AAA . However , many others disagree with this argument . But both side of the problem whether _____ are supported by good reasons .
Recently , it has been much debated over the problem of AAA . Those who object to AAA announce that _____ . But those who favor AAA utter a sonorous voice that _____ . Recently , there is vehement discussion on the issue of _____ . Those who criticize _____ argue that _____ .
They claim that _____ . But people who firmly advocate _____ , on the other hand , argue that _____ .
There is a much-debated problem today about _____ .
Those who object to _____ argue that _____ . They are very sure about _____ . But people who prefer _____ , on the other hand , claim that _____ .
B . Disagree
Until recently , _____ was viewed as _____ . But people are taking a fresh look at it .
Recently , we often hear about _____ . But is it ?
These days , it is often heard about _____ . But is this really the truth ? I feel such an attitude is negative , and that it can bring _____.
Some people argue as if it is a general truth that _____ . But to be frank , I cannot agree with them for the flowing reasons .
Despite the fact that many people believe that _____ , I doubt whether the argument can bear much analysis .
Although some people hold the opinion that _____ , I wonder whether the argument could bear close examination.
In the nationwide , discussion , many people argue that _____ . But I can say nothing but _____ .
Advocates of AAA proclaim that _____ , but I _____ .
Until recently , _____ was regarded as _____ . But _____ .
Some people think that _____ , but I disagree with this opinion for numerous reasons , as presented below .
Now , it is increasingly mentioned that _____ . Such people think _____ . But I can
only cast doubt on whether _____ .
Now , it is widely believed that _____ . These people think _____ . But I wonder if _____ .
I cannot totally the idea that _____ . Because , in my point of view , I believe _____ . As a matter of fact , I support that _____ , but I cannot agree with the title statement .
Nowadays , it is widely held that _____ . People of this kind think _____ .But I doubt whether _____ .
结尾句:
Taking into account of all these factors , we may reach the conclusion that _____ . All reliable evidences point to one saying , that is _____ .
For the reasons presented above , I strongly commit to the notion that _____ . While it is true that _____ , I think that _____ .
Given the factors I have just outlined , I can only say that _____ .
This is not to say that _____ . But in terms of _____ , it is _____ .
Therefore , it is easy to draw the conclusion that _____.
Recognizing the fact that _____ should drive us to conclude that _____ . To put all into a nutshell , I _____ .
In a word , I support the statement that it is better to _____ because _____ .
【写作绝招三（文章主体段落三大杀手锏）】
一、举实例
思维短路，举实例！提出一个观点，举实例！提出一个方案，举实例！而且者也是我们揭示一个观点最好的方式，任何情况下，只要我们无法继续文章，不管三七二十一，尽管举例子！ In order to attract more customers, advertisers have adopted every possible simulative factor in making ads, such as sound, light, colours, cartoon films and human performance. For instance, to advertise a certain food, advertisers will ask an actor or actress to sit at a table and devour the seemingly delicious food while they fime him or her.
更多句型：
To take „ as an example, One example is„, Another example is„, for example
二、做比较
方法：写完一个要点，比较与之相似的；又写完一个要点，再比较与之相反的；
世界上没有同样的指纹，没有相同的树叶，文章亦同，只有通过比较，你才会发现二者的相同点（through comparison）和不同点（through contrast）。下面是一些短语： 相似的比较：
in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner 相反的比较：
on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with „, „
三、换言之
没话说了，可以换一句话再说，让你的文章在多一些字，或者文邹邹地说，是让读者更充分的理解你的观点。
实际就是重复重复再重复！下面的句子实际上就三个字 I love you!
I am enthusiastic about you. That is to say, I love you.
I am wild about you. In other words, I have fallen in love with you.
或者上面我们举过的例子：
I cannot bear it. 可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.
因此可以这样说：I cannot bear it. That is to say, I cannot put up with it or I am fed up with it.
更多短语：in more difficult language, in simpler words, put it more simply
【写作绝招二（写作的“七项基本原则”）】
一、 长短句原则
工作还得一张一驰呢，老让读者读长句，累死人！写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：
As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.
如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉？牢记！
强烈建议：在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。
二、 主题句原则
国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感！相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂！不知所云！所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头（保险型）或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事！
特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的！
To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主题句）. Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.
三、 一 二 三原则
领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点„ 如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。
1）first, second, third, last（不推荐，原因：俗）
2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally（不推荐，原因：俗）
3）the first, the second, the third, the last（不推荐，原因：俗）
4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（不推荐，原因：俗）
5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（强烈推荐）
6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（强烈推荐）
7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（强烈推荐）
8）most important of all, moreover, finally
9）on the one hand, on the other hand（适用于两点的情况）
10）for one thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况）
建议：不仅仅在写作中注意，平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚！
四、 短语优先原则
写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。其二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办？用短语是一个办法！比如：
I cannot bear it. 可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it. / I want it. 可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it. 这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。
五、 多实少虚原则
原因很简单，写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。我这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们说一个很好的时候，不应该之说nice这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital 之类的形象词。再比如：
走出房间，general的词是：walk out of the room
但是小偷走出房间应该说：slip out of the room
小姐走出房间应该说：sail out of the room
小孩走出房间应该说：dance out of the room
老人走出房间应该说：stagger out of the room
所以多用实词，少用虚词，文章将会大放异彩！
六、 多变句式原则
1）加法（串联）
都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说：
I enjoy music and he is fond of playing guitar. 如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式：
Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm. 其它的短语可以用： besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover
2）转折（拐弯抹角）
批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点，这种方式虽然阴险了点，可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢，我们说话的时候，只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之间用个专这次就够了。
The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.
The coat was thin, but it was warm.
更多的短语：
despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding
3）因果（so, so, so）
昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然后我们认识了，然后我们成为了朋友„可见，讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系！
The snow began to fall, so we went home.
更多短语： then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that
4）失衡句（头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重）
有些人脑袋大，身体小，或者有些人脑袋小，身体大，虽然我们不希望长成这个样子，可如
【二】:中国翻译家联盟
英语介词的翻译
英语中大多数介词含义灵活，一词多义多用。除了一些常用短语已有译法外，大量介词需要从其基本意义出发，联系上下文加以灵活处理。下面简明地介绍几种基本译法。
（1）转译：英语中常用介词来表达动作意义。汉译时，可将介词转译成动词。
①在作表语的介词短语中，介词常转译为动词，而连系动词则省略不译。如：This machine is out of repair．这台机器失修了。
②在作目的或原因状语的介词短语中，介词有时转译成动词。如：
The plane crushed out of control．这架飞机失去控制而坠毁。
The letter E is commonly used for electromotive force．通常用E这个字母表示电动势。 ③在作条件、方式或方法状语的介词短语中，介词有时转译成动词。如：
But even the larger molecules with several hundred atoms are too small to be seen with the best optical microscope．但是，即使有几百个原子的分子也是太小了，用最好的光学显微镜也看不见它们。
④介词短语作补足语时，其中介词常转译成动词。如：
Heat sets these particles in random motion．热量使这些粒子作随机运动。
（2）增译：增词不是无中生有，而是要根据上下文特别是与介词搭配的动词或形容词的含义加得恰当。有不少情况，句中与介词搭配的动词或形容词不出现，如照原文结构无法把意思表达清楚，甚至易于误解时，这就需要增词。如：That's all there is to it.那就是与此有关的全部内容。（原句中 to=related to）
The engineer was taken ill with consumption． It was flour on the lungs， the doctor told him at the time．这个工程师得了肺一病、那是由于面粉对肺部的影响，当时医生这样对他说的。（on=effect）
因此，熟悉介词与动词或形容词的习惯搭配是增词并正确理解词义的一种重要手段。
（3）分译：介词短语作定语时，往往是定语从句的一种简略形式。介词短语作状语时，有时是状语从句的简略形式。有些介词短语还是并列句的简略形式。因此汉译时，有的可以拆句分译。
①译成并列分句。
The porous wall acts as a kind of seine for separating molecules．多孔壁的作用就象一把筛子，它把不同质量的分子分开。
②译成让步分句。
With all its disadvantages this design is considered to be one of the best．这个设计尽管有种种缺点，仍被认为最佳设计之一。
③译成真实或虚拟条件分句。
Man's warm blood makes it difficult for him to live long in the sea without some kind warmth．人的血液是热的，如果得不到一定的热量，人就难以长期在海水中生活。
④译成原因分句。
We cannot see it clearly for the fog．由于有雾，我们看不清它。
The machine is working none the worse for its long service.
这部机器并不因使用的时间长而性能变差了。
⑤译成目的分句。
This body of knowledge is customarily divided for convenience of study into the
classifications: mechanics, heat, light, electricity and sound.．为了便于研究起见，通常将这门学科分为力学、热学、光学、电学和声学。
（4）不译：不译或省略翻译是在确切表达原文内容的前提下使译文简练，合乎汉语规范，决不是任意省略某些介词。
①表示时间或地点的英语介词，译成汉语如出现在句首，大都不译。如：
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