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【一】:新托福阅读艺术类文章大汇总
智课网TOEFL备考资料
新托福阅读艺术类文章大汇总
摘要： 有关新托福艺术类文章我们在之前的托福考试过程中更经常遇到，在接下来分过程中，我们就来学习
下本文为你提供的新托福阅读艺术类文章大汇总，来看看究竟如何才能在新托福阅读艺术类文章如何获得高分。
新 托福 阅读艺术类文章大汇总：部分内容
APPLIED ARTS AND FINE ARTS
Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them-clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal-it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the "applied arts." Approaching crafts from the point of view of function, we can divide them into simple categories: containers, shelters and supports. There is no way around the fact that containers, shelters, and supports must be functional. The applied arts are thus bound by the laws of physics, which pertain to both the materials used in their making and the substances and things to be contained, supported, and sheltered. These laws are universal in their
application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geography, or climate. If a pot has no bottom or has large openings in its sides, it could hardly be considered a container in any traditional sense. Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits. Buildings without roofs, for example, are unusual because they depart from the norm. However, not all functional objects are exactly alike; that is why we recognize a Shang Dynasty vase as being
different from an Inca vase. What varies is not the basic form but the incidental details that do not obstruct the object's primary function.www.fz173.com_托福艺术类范文。
Sensitivity to physical laws is thus an important consideration for the maker of applied-art objects. It is often taken for granted that this is also true for the maker of fine-art objects. This assumption misses a significant difference
between the two disciplines. Fine-art objects are not constrained by the laws of physics in the same way that applied-art objects are. Because their primary purpose is not functional, they are only limited in terms of the materials used to make them. Sculptures must, for example, be stable, which requires an understanding of the properties of mass, weight distribution, and stress. Paintings must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut, and the paint must not deteriorate, crack, or discolor. These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work. For example, in the early Italian Renaissance, bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof. This was done because the cannonball was needed to support the weight of the leg. In other words, the demands of the laws of physics, not the sculptor's aesthetic intentions, placed the ball there. That this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that the cannonball quickly disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (iron being much stronger than bronze).
Even though the fine arts in the twentieth century often treat materials in new ways, the basic difference in attitude of artists in relation to their materials in the fine arts and the applied arts remains relatively constant. It would
therefore not be too great an exaggeration to say that practitioners of the fine arts work to overcome the limitations of their materials, whereas those engaged in the applied arts work in concert with their materials.
Paragraph 1: Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them-clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal-it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the "applied arts." Approaching crafts from Proofread By Miffy and Alex the point of view of function, we can
divide them into simple categories: containers, shelters and supports. There is no way around the fact that containers, shelters, and supports must be functional. The applied arts are thus bound by the laws of physics, which pertain to both the materials used in their making and the substances and things to be contained, supported, and sheltered. These laws are universal in their application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geography, or climate. If a pot has no bottom or has large openings in its sides, it could hardly be considered a container in any traditional sense. Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits. Buildings without roofs, for example, are unusual because they depart from the norm. However, not all functional objects are exactly alike; that is why we recognize a Shang Dynasty vase as being different from an Inca vase. What varies is not the basic form but the incidental details that do not obstruct the object's primary function.
以上就是有关 新托福 阅读艺术类文章大汇总的内容，由于文章的内容较多，我们这里就只是列出一篇，为了便于大家能够真正明白这些阅读内容，我们特备针对每一篇英文文章，都附上了英文翻译及答案解析，希望对你的 托福阅读 会有一定的帮助。
【二】:雅思口语范文话题：艺术类
雅思口语范文话题：艺术类
2014-01-23 14:20 类别：雅思口语 来源：enguo 责编：meten
最近，艺术是非常受欢迎的热门话题和雅思英语口语。大部分的学生是一个很难回答相关问题，因为他们大多数没有任何知识或关于它的认识。实际上，艺术是创造性的方式表达自己，这也是最高表达每个文化，有许多种类的艺术，文学，视觉艺术，音乐，舞蹈，戏剧，下面来让我们看一下“雅思口语范文话题：艺术类” Recently, art is a very popular and hot topic in IELTS Oral English. And most of the students are having a hard time to answer questions related to it because most of them do not have any knowledge or idea about it. Actually, art is a creative way of expressing oneself and it is also the highest expression of every culture. There are many kinds of arts such as literature, visual arts, music, dance, and drama. All of these kinds had become part of the IELTS Oral English questions today. For example:
1 Is beautiful handwriting important nowadays?
2 What kind of music do you like?
3 Should children learn to draw or paint?
To be able to deal with these topics and questions, students should know variety of information about art such as:
Art helps people to understand and empathize with the living conditions people have endured at various times and places
Art provides an opportunity to create and do, which can be a refreshing break from studying or working.
Art teaches how to interpret different forms of communication. It teaches how to understand figurative things and the meanings of color.
Art provide opportunities for self-expression
Art can improve academic achievement -- enhancing test scores, attitudes, social skills, critical and creative thinking.
After knowing different meanings and knowledge about art, students now have adequate information to use in answering the question in IELTS Oral test. Below are the examples of question and answer of the test with the topic of ART. Part I
1 Do you like arts? Why?
Absolutely, this is because art is a link to the past. It provides an enjoyable perspective from which people can examine the history. And also, art encourages imagination. It shows people how they might express their own feelings and experiences through different kinds of arts such as painting and drawing.
此问题主要是让考生回答自己是否喜欢艺术并且告知原因，范例提到的是因为艺术是与历史链接的纽带，建议考生也可从它能激发人们的想象力入手，同时通过不同的艺术如油画等有助于让人们表达自己的感觉与体验。
2 What kind of art do you like?
I don’t have any particular favorite when it comes to art because I am
appreciative of each work of art that I see. I like looking at abstract and colorful paintings as much as I like looking at portrait paintings. I also enjoy looking at clay sculptures the same way that I enjoy looking at ice sculptures. Each work of art has its own reason, background and history.
这个问题主要考察的是考生对艺术的认识，即自己喜欢哪一种类型的艺术。考生若无非常特别喜欢的类型，则可以从广泛的方面出发去表达，如范例中作者因为对于每一项的艺术作品都是从欣赏的角度出发，因此并没有特别喜欢的，如其对抽象画和肖像画是一样的喜欢，对泥塑和冰雕也是一样的欣赏。原因是每项艺术的都有它的背景以及历史文化。
【三】:托福听力艺术类背景知识完整汇总
智课网TOEFL备考资料
托福听力艺术类背景知识完整汇总
摘要： 托福听力艺术类背景知识完整汇总!想提高听力笔记能力，必须在备考过程中，不断积累背景知识及相关学科词汇。托福听力背景知识一般会涉及到校园生活类对话和学术类讲座相关的场景词汇和场景套路，小编也特将托福听力艺术类背景知识完整汇总起来供大家使用。
托福 听力艺术类背景知识完整汇总!想提高听力笔记能力，必须在备考过程中，不断积累背景知识及相关学科词汇。 托福听力 背景知识一般会涉及到校园生活类对话和学术类讲座相关的场景词汇和场景套路，小编也特将托福听力艺术类背景知识完整汇总起来供大家使用。
家可以参考一下这些备考经验，看看自己应该如何攻克托福听力。托福听力虽然不之间考察学生的背景知识，但是文章的信息量非常大，语速也较快，所以要求考生具备快速记笔记的能力。要想提高笔记能力，必须在备考过程中，不断积累背景知识及相关学科词汇。托福听力背景知识一般会涉及到校园生活类对话和学术类讲座相关的场景词汇和场景套路。
托福听力中艺术史话题的讲座会涉及到的艺术形式主要有音乐music、舞蹈dancing、戏剧play、绘画painting、古代岩画 ancient cave drawing/painting、电影film和摄影photography。一般会考到这一艺术形式的创始人或代表人物，或为其做出突出贡献的人，而这些人的一个共同特征是特立独行，曾经某一时期不被人接受，有的是在去世后才被人认识到其所创作的艺术的价值。
教授会对艺术家进行简单的介绍，大家主要听一下艺术家生活的时代背景，如果教授有交代的话，可能会考到这一时期的特征及其与艺术家的艺术形式或某个作品的关系。常考的艺术形式有现实主义realism、印象派impressionism和表现主义expressionism等。要注意听教授对这种艺术形式的解释和例子，如讲到与艺术家相关的故事以及这个艺术家的所思所想，这都是容易引出考点的信息。
下面，来看一下真题中的例子，TPO第一套的第一篇讲座是当代艺术课。本篇文章主要讲述了Rose Frantzen 这个画家，她的风格是Realistic、Impressionism。在下文当中又分别用下定义和举例子解释了Realism 和
Impressionism两种艺术形式及Rose Frantzen如何将两者巧妙的结合的。
主要涉及的艺术史讲座场景词汇如下：picturesque adj.如画般的，生动的
sculpture n.雕塑品statue n.雕像gallery n.画廊portrait n.肖像，画像;描写www.fz173.com_托福艺术类范文。
impressionism n.印象派realistic 现实主义tragedy n.悲剧opera n.歌剧rehearse vt.预演，排练rehearsal n.排练www.fz173.com_托福艺术类范文。
character n.角色profile n.外形，轮廓renaissance n.文艺复兴aesthetic adj.审美的，美学的romantic adj.传奇式的，浪漫的harsh a.刺耳的jazz n.爵士乐movement n.乐章note n.音符score n.乐谱instrument n.乐器
lyric n.抒情诗conservatory n.音乐学校orchestra n.管弦乐队chorus n.合唱团concert n.音乐会band n.乐队record ['rek?:d] n.档案，唱片record [ri'k?:d] v.记录，录音percussion n.打击乐器;震荡string n.弦乐
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【四】:关于托福艺术类口语话题的解析
关于托福艺术类口语话题的解析
大连朗阁培训中心
艺术类话题是托福口语的常考话题之一，不论是独立口语还是综合口语，关于艺术的题目一直比较高频，且题目多样。比如，独立口语中比较常见的问题有Should art be added into school courses? Do you agree or disagree with the idea that high school should teach music and art as other basic science? 综合口语题也不例外，比如TPO 10 Task 3关于Student Art Display, TPO 11 Task 4关于Outsider Art等都是艺术类的话题。所以相对应的，对考生们的要求更高了。也就是说，大家不但要积累与自身经历有关的艺术类词汇和素材，更要掌握所有有关艺术的表达方式，才能有的放矢，临危不乱。所以，在这里大连朗阁培训中心的专家就为大家呈上详细的有关艺术类话题的讲解。
首先大家要明确的是，艺术种类远比你想象的要多，它包括了dance, music, craft, design, drawing, painting, opera, sculpture, fashion, performing arts, acrobatics, magic等等。当提到我们中国独有的艺术时，Chinese Calligraphy, Chinese Opera, martial arts等都是举世闻名的艺术种类。托福口语最常提到的就是关于绘画drawing and painting的话题了，首先绘画一类我们叫做fine arts美术，常见的工具有pencil, pen and ink, wax colour pencil, 中国画的工具有writing brush, ink stick, Chinese art paper and inkstone（笔墨纸砚）。如果是油画等西方画作，则常在canvas/cloth上创作。 我们来仔细看一下关于我国国粹艺术的内容。我们的国粹非Beijing Opera（注意Peking是对北京的旧称，现在用Beijing）莫属了，这是我们的national opera。这类话题在新托福和雅思口语考试中都出现过，足以证明它的重要性。京剧之所以能惊艳众人是因为它是多种精美艺术的结合，包括dancing, painting, martial arts, costume以及丰富多彩的stories/plots。然而随着其它各种音乐种类的流行，年轻人不再给予京剧足够的热情和关注了，这使我们联想到了新托福口语中关于保护传统艺术的重要性和措施的话题。具体可以这样写：虽然传统艺术面临失传的威胁，但科学技术给我们创造了有力的保存和传播工具。政府开始致力于set up a national database, 这些audio recording和video recording都能很好地保存traditional Chinese opera。舞台的表演变成了digital products, 然后被put on the Internet, 以更好地在国内外传播。
接下来，我们来谈一谈艺术的好处。其实不止托福口语，托福独立写作也常把艺术的重要性作为考题来考察考生对艺术的认识。所以我们在这里统一讲解一下艺术的重要性。
? One can improve （注意广度，即注意力持续的时间）in art
creating process in which attention and focus are much required.
? Learning art, like painting or sculpturing, facilitates enhancing learners’ （灵巧）and （手眼协调）.
? Learning art enables people to develop their imagination, creativity and
thinking.
? As art is a medium that communicates ideas and concerns, and reflect life
and society, learning art can be a process of understanding history and current society.
? Self-confidence, （自律）, （自我发现）, and
more importantly, （坚持不懈）, are able to be developed through practice, modification and successful performance.
关于新托福独立口语题我们先说到这里，前面提到过，新托福口语对艺术类话题的考察不仅包含在独立口语考题中，同时也包含在综合口语里。下面就让我们来看一看综合口语对艺术类话题的考察以及相应的答题策略。我们用TPO 11 Task 4来做详细讲解。 Reading: Outsider Art is a term used to describe art that is made by people who choose to live and work outside society. The artists who produce this kind of art——Outsider Artists work in isolation from other artists and have little or no formal artistic training, because they do not learn conventional artistic techniques from teachers or other artists. Outsider Artists must invent their own ways of doing things. As a result of the unconventional methods that Outsider Artists often use, their work can look strange and not at all like traditional art to the observer.
本题的阅读部分已将Outsider Art的定义、风格、艺术家的背景及特点交代得非常清楚。在接下来的听力文本中，说话者对这一艺术形式代表艺术家——Henry Darger进行了详细的介绍，并讲解其绘画特点，与阅读部分相对应。在大量地分析真题和模拟题时我们发现，与经济、心理学、生物学等超高频话题相比，艺术类在综合口语里并不占主流。因此也决定
了艺术类的题目特点分明，通常是介绍一种艺术风格，也没有明显区分出两类不同的内容或是两个不同的方面，而是先讲一种艺术风格或特点，再使用具体的例子进行证明。换言之，综合口语中的艺术类考题中艺术理论与具体例子相一致。也就是说，我们在遇到艺术类话题，甚至是文化类话题（如阐述某种文化现象）的时候，我们可以首先确定的是阅读部分一般先阐明理论，然后根据这个理论进行举例说明，只要我们能够听出理论部分，或是在阅读中读懂理论部分，就可以把例子与理论一一对应，预测答案了。就如TPO 11 Task4, 听力中对于艺术家Henry Darger的背景描述完全与阅读文本吻合，就算不听我们也能预测到这位艺术家的背景。所以只需听出具体的事例，并记下完整信息。
面对艺术类话题，我们不仅要积累相关的背景知识，总结独立口语答题思路，也要有重点有计划地预测答案。只有多做总结，多练习，艺术类话题才不会成为我们的绊脚石。
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